Understanding future self-continuity and intertemporal decision-making among preservice language teachers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65956/ltlt.2026.45

Keywords:

future self-continuity, self-connectedness, preservice teachers, intertemporal choice

Abstract

Teachers’ future self-continuity refers to the subjective sense of connectedness between their present self and mental presentations of their future self. While prior research has established the associations between future self-continuity and agency, motivation to change, and academic outcomes, its role in shaping teachers’ orientation towards delayed but larger rewards, as opposed to immediate but less favourable gains, remains inconclusive. This basic qualitative research, drawing on the concept of future self-continuity (Hershfield, 2011), seeks to examine such perceived connectedness and its contribution to intertemporal decision-making. The data consisted of written responses from 44 second-year preservice English language teachers (PSTs) at a public university in southern Vietnam. The findings revealed that psychological connectedness between present and future selves of the PSTs took the forms of continuity in being and continuity in becoming. While the former emphasises the future self as an extension of the present self, the latter highlights an ongoing process of self-development. Future self-continuity was reported to shape the PSTs’ preference for delayed, larger rewards since it functioned as an orientational and motivational resource and supported emotional regulation. These findings illustrate the need for educators to engage the PSTs in episodic future thinking through interventions that enable them to experience vivid and realistic professional futures.

Author Biographies

  • Ly Tran, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Engineering

    Ly T. P. Tran is currently a lecturer of English at Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Engineering.  She has been teaching TESOL courses such as Teaching Practice, Teaching Methodology, and Language Skills. Her research interests include teaching methodology, language acquisition and teachers’ identity.

  • Kendall Hartley, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

    Kendall Hartley is an associate professor of educational technology in the Department of Teaching & Learning. Hartley specializes in the analysis of individual characteristics and the implications for learning with technology. He is particularly interested in the role of self-regulatory skills and the use of the smartphone for learning. He also has extensive experience in designing instructional and informational Internet web sites. Hartley has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed educational research journals including the Journal of Educational Computing Research, Education Researcher, Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, and the Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia.

References

Adelman, R. M., Herrmann, S. D., Bodford, J. E., Barbour, J. E., Graudejus, O., Okun, M. A., & Kwan, S. (2016). Feeling closer to the future self and doing better: Temporal psychological mechanisms underlying academic performance. Journal of Personality, 85(3), 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12248

Akkerman, S. F., & P. C. Meijer. (2011). A dialogical approach to conceptualizing teacher identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(2), 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.013

Almanee, K. A. M. (2020). Corporatisation of education: Performativity and its impact on Saudi female ELT teachers’ performance and identity [Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter]. https://hdl.handle.net/10871/125694

Anderhub, V., Güth, W., Gneezy, U., & Sonsino, D. (2001). On the interaction of risk and time preferences: An experimental study. German Economic Review, 2(3), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00036

Bartels, D. M., & Urminsky, O. (2011). On intertemporal selfishness: How the perceived instability of identity underlies impatient consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 38, 182-198. https://doi.org/10.1086/658339

Beijaard, D., & Meijer, P. C. (2017). Developing the personal and professional in making a teacher identity. In D. J. Clandinin & J. Husu (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 177-192). SAGE.

Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on teachers’ professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(2), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001

Berkman, E. T., Livingston, J. L., & Kahn, L. E. (2017). Finding the “self” in self-regulation: The identity-value model. Psychological Review, 124(2), 196-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2017.1323463

Berns, G. S., Laibson, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2007). Intertemporal choice - toward an integrative framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(11), 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.011

Bixter, M. T., McMichael, S. L., Bunker, C. J., Adelman, R. M., Okun, M. A., Grimm, K. J., & Smith, B. (2020). A test of a triadic conceptualization of future self-identification. PLoS ONE, 15(11), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242504

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cascarilla, A. N., Brodhead, M. T., Cox, D. J., & Sarmiento, C. M. (2025). Delay discounting and teacher decision-making of behavioral interventions. Behavioral Interventions, 40(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.70058

Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1991). Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: the sample case of girls at puberty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.157

Costin, V., & Vignoles, V. L. (2020). Meaning is about mattering: Evaluating coherence, purpose, and existential mattering as precursors of meaning in life judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(4), 864-884. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000225

Dang, T. T. (2010). Learner autonomy in EFL studies in Vietnam: A discussion from sociocultural perspective. English Language Teaching, 3(2), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v3n2p3

Dang, T. T. (2024). Cultural and situational constraints on undergraduate students’ performance of learner autonomy in EFL learning. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(6), 1791-1799. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1506.04

Dang, T. T., & Le, Q. H. T. (2021). Learning place control: Vietnamese EFL students’ appreciation and trust. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v11i2.6597

de Bruin, L. (2025). Identity formation and possible selves of early career instrumental music teachers: A qualitative study. Psychology of Music. https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356251320976

Elliot, A. J. (2006). The hierarchical model of approach - avoidance motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9028-7

Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O’Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2698382

Hamilton, J., & Cole, S. N. (2017). Imagining possible selves across time: Characteristics of self-images and episodic thoughts. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 52, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.015

Hamman, D., Wang, E., & Burley, H. (2013). What I expect and fear next year: Measuring new teachers’ possible selves. Journal of Education for Teaching, 39(2), 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2013.765194

Hartley, K., Hayak, M., & Ko, U. H. (2024). Artificial intelligence supporting independent student learning: An evaluative case study of ChatGPT and learning to code. Education Sciences, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020120

Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future self-continuity: How conceptions of the future self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235, 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x

Hershfield, H. E., Garton, M. T., Ballard, K., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2009). Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving. Judgement and Decision Making, 4, 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500003855

Hershfield, H. E., Wimmer, G. E., & Knutson, B. (2009). Saving for the future self: Neural measures of future self-continuity predict temporal discounting. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsn042

Hoffman, B., Subramaniam, A., & Hartley, K. (2025). It’s time to reconsider: The neuropsychology of belief change. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 40, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2025.100261

Hong, J., Greene, B., & Lowery, J. (2016). Multiple dimensions of teacher identity development from pre-service to early years of teaching: A longitudinal study. Journal of Education for Teaching, 43(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2017.1251111

Hong, J., & Greene, B. (2011). Hopes and fears for science teaching: The possible selves of preservice teachers in a science education program. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 22(6), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-011-9247-y

Joireman, J., Balliet, D., Sprott, D., Spangenberg, E., & Schultz, J. (2008). Consideration of future consequences, ego-depletion, and self-control: Support for distinguishing between CFC-immediate and CFC-future sub-scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.011

Kelchtermans, G. (2009). Who I am in how I teach is the message: Self-understanding, vulnerability and reflection. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 15(2), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600902875332

Klapproth, F. (2008). Time and decision making in humans. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 509-524. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.4.509

Kraehe, A. M. (2012). Creating art, creating selves: Negotiating professional and social identities in preservice teacher education [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin]. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6100

Liamputtong, P. (2010). Performing qualitative cross-cultural research. Cambridge University Press.

Lee, N. C., Krabbendam, L., Dekker, S., Boschloo, A., de Groot, R. H. M., & Jolles, J. (2012). Academic motivation mediates the influence of temporal discounting on academic achievement during adolescence. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 1(2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2012.07.001

Maclure, M. (1993). Arguing for your self: Identity as an organising principle in teachers’ jobs and lives. British Educational Research Journal, 19(4), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141192930190401

Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-69. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954

McCrea, S. M., Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Sherman, S. J. (2008). Construal level and procrastination. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1308-1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02240.x

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Ng, C. (2018). Teachers’ professional selves and motivation for continuous professional learning amid education reforms. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 46(3), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1504278

Nguyen, L. T., Vo, T. D., & Tran, N. G. (2023). CALL teacher trainers’ challenges and coping strategies: Voices from Vietnam. In D. Tafazoli & M. Picard (Eds.), Handbook of CALL teacher education and professional development. Springer.

Nguyen, P. T., Nguyen, Q. L. H. T., Nguyen, L. T., & Huynh, V. D. B. (2022). Factors affecting Vietnamese higher education quality in the context of Industry 4.0. Vietnam Journal of Education, 6(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.52296/vje.2022.223

Nolan, A. and Molla, T. (2019). Supporting teacher professionalism through tailored professional learning. London Review of Education, 17 (2): 126-140. https://doi.org/10.18546/LRE.17.2.03

Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2018). From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. Self and Identity, 17(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003

Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., & Terry, K. (2004). Possible selves as roadmaps. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(2), 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00057-6

Oyserman, D., Destin, M., & Novin, S. (2015). The context-sensitive future self: Possible selves motivate in context, not otherwise. Self and Identity, 14(2), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.965733

Peetz J., Wilson A. E. (2008). The temporally extended self: the relation of past and future selves to current identity, motivation, and goal pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(6), 2090-2106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00150.x

Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (2008). Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: Psychological distance and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310023

Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). SAGE.

Sani, F. (Ed.). (2008). Self continuity: Individual and collective perspectives. Taylor & Francis.

Sedikides, C., Hong, Y., & Wildschut, T. (2023). Self-continuity. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 333-361. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032236

Sutter, M., Kocher, M., Rützler, D., & Trautmann, S. (2010). Impatience and uncertainty: Experimental decisions predict adolescents’ field behavior. American Economic Review, 103(1).

Sutton, R. E., & Wheatley, K. F. (2003). Teachers’ emotions and teaching: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Educational Psychology Review, 15(4), 327-358. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026131715856

Tran, L. T. P., Dang, T. T., & Nguyen, T. N. A. (2024). Imagination development as a construct for professional identity of early career English teachers working at public schools: Contributions of interactions with learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 14(2), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1402.03

van Gelder, J.-L., Hershfield, H. E., & Nordgren, L. F. (2013). Vividness of the future self predicts delinquency. Psychological Science, 24(6), 974-980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612465197

van Lankveld, T., Thampy, H., Cantillon, P., Horsburgh, J., & Kluijtmans, M. (2021). Supporting a teacher identity in health professions education: AMEE Guide No. 132. Medical Teacher, 43(2), 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1838463

van Rijswijk, M. M. (2020). Experiences of continuity and discontinuity in student teachers’ development [Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University]. Utrecht University Repository. https://research-portal.uu.nl/en/publications/experiences-of-continuity-and-discontinuity-in-student-teachers-d/

Wakslak, C. J., & Trope, Y. (2009). The effect of construal-level on subjective probability estimates. Psychological Science, 20(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02250.x

Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapińska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2017). Development and validation of the dark future scale. Time & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X16678257

Downloads

How to Cite

Tran, L., & Hartley, K. (2026). Understanding future self-continuity and intertemporal decision-making among preservice language teachers. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning Today, 1(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.65956/ltlt.2026.45
Received: 08-03-2026
Accepted: 04-04-2026
Published: 04-04-2026

Full-text Version

Published:

04-04-2026

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are currently not publicly available because an appropriate repository for data access has not yet been established. However, the data can be made available at a later stage.

Issue

Section

Empirical Research Articles